Search published articles
Showing 10 results for Fertility
Elham Khoori , Katayoun Jalaliaria ,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background: Youths and adolescents are considered as valuable assets of any society. The preservation and promotion of health in this population is an issue of significant importance from the social and economic dimensions. Globalization has resulted in the emergence of several health risks for this age set. Sexual curiosity and sexual experiences are some of these dangers, which can cause irreparable damages if neglected. Regarding this, the present narrative review was conducted to identify the guidelines from different parts of the world for the preservation and promotion of sexual and fertility health among the Iranian adolescents and youths. The integration of these strategies can provide appropriate solutions conforming to the Iranian culture.
Methods: This narrative review was conducted on the articles and sources published within 1958-2015. The search was performed using the valid international databases, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Google, WHO, ProQuest, and the Persian databases, such as Iranmedex and SID. In addition, we performed library research to obtain the papers investigating the issue of interest. The keywords used during the searching process entailed: “Reproduction Health”, “Youth”, “Adolescents”, and “Sexual Health”. In this review, out of 85 evaluated sources, 53 articles, books, thesis, and websites were selected.
Results: As the reviewed studies indicated, the lack of knowledge, an unclear horizon of the future, and inaccessibility to reproductive health services threaten the health of the youths and adolescents. Therefore, the provision of sex education by parents, schools, or peers can have a significant impact on the promotion of sexual health in this population. Moreover, screening and identifying the adolescents and youths at risk and educating the necessary skills to this age set can prevent the occurrence of high-risk sexual behaviors. Similar to other countries but with a lower prevalence rate, there are some problems in sexual and fertility health of the youths and adolescents in Iran. Therefore, it is recommended to teach the sexual health promotion techniques to this population according to their religion and culture.
Fatemeh Alijani, Ahmad Khosravi , Mahdieh Sadat Mousavi , Vanessa Delarosa ,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (11-2019)
Volume 16, Issue 2 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background: Domestic violence (DV) against women is a global public health concern. The study was conducted to determine the associated factors of domestic violence against infertile women.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 379 infertile women referred to the infertility clinic in Sari, between October 2015 and March 2016. The convenience sampling was used considering inclusion criteria. Data was collected using Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). Data was presented with descriptive statistics and Logistic regression to determine associated factors with DV in SPSS-16 software. The significant level was considered P<0.05.
Results: Finding showed that majority of infertile women (88.9%) experienced domestic violence. The age (OR=0.91 95% CI: 0.85-0.99) and smoking (OR=8.12 95% CI: 1.87-35.21) with domestic violence.
Conclusions: Regarding the high prevalence of domestic violence and its consequence on society, screening violence in health centers and support at-risk family via counseling are recommended.
Zahra Royani, Mahboubeh Vatanparast, Farideh Yaghmaei,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (4-2020)
Volume 17, Issue 0 (4-2020)
Abstract
Introduction: Infertility is a growing problem in all cultures and societies, and almost all over the world. Therefore, the present study examines the quality of life of infertile couples and their relationship with the practical flexibility of infertile couples referring to Yazd's centers of infertility.
Methods: This research is a descriptive-correlational study. The research population consisted of all infertile couples who referred to Infertility Centers in Yazd in the winter of 2016. Sampling was conducted in a non-random and accessible manner. The instrument used in the research included: a) demographic information questionnaire, and "quality of life infertile couples" questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 17 at a significant level of p> 0.05.To describe the data, descriptive statistics methods were used and the inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, paired t-test and variance analysis) were used to test the research hypotheses.
Result: People (202 couples) participated in this research. The mean of total quality of life (184.26 ± 36.4), physical dimension (26.43 ± 6.6), psychological dimension (70.8 ± 13.1), religious dimension (18.85 ± 3.7), economic dimension (31 Sexual satisfaction (15/15 ± 4/1), emotional dimension (15/68 ± 4/9), social dimension (23/3 ± 6/6). There was a significant difference in the relationship between demographic variables with quality of life, mean of gender variables (p <0.01) and education (p <0.001). The average quality of life in men and people with university education was higher. In this study, 65.64% of the subjects had a neutral quality of life, 63.3% had a positive quality of life and 3% had a completely positive quality of life.
Conclusion: Considering the lower quality of life in women, it is essential to pay attention to the necessity of designing and implementing appropriate educational programs to improve the quality of life of this stratum from society.
Zara Ordoniavval , Soheila Rabiei Poor, Tahereh Behroozilak, Marzieh Areffi,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (4-2020)
Volume 17, Issue 0 (4-2020)
Abstract
Background: For many people, infertility is a major critical factor in psychological stress that can cause many negative psychological reactions, so the present study were doing to investigate the effect of collaborative counseling (model on reproductive health) on stress of adopting a childless lifestyle in Infertile women .
Methods: This study was licensed under Umsu.rec.1393.185 dated 20/8/1393 from the Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences and was registered under clinical trial database IRCT2014112220045N1.
In this study, 50 infertile women aged 20-45 years with at least one year infertility referring to Kosar infertility clinic of Urmia city were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two control groups and intervention Inclusion criteria were:
Be Iranian.
Reside in Urmia.
Be 20-45 years old.
Be literate.
Her husband has no other spouse.
Don't have adopted children.
Not currently suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and not using nerve medications.
Not be part of health or treatment personnel or graduates of medical sciences, psychology or counseling.
In the past six months, she has not had a stressful (deaths of first-degree relatives, accident, bankruptcy, severe illness or illness).
Not suffering from medical conditions (heart, lung, diabetes, hypothyroidism, epilepsy).
The tool of the study was the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire, which included a 46-item multidimensional questionnaire developed by Christopher Nutten in 1999 at the Canadian Health Sciences Center and used to measure specific infertility stress in infertile individuals. The questionnaire was administered in five subscales including 10 questions of social stress, 8 questions of sexual stress, 10 questions of communication stress, 10 questions of parenting, and 8 questions of acceptance of a childless life. The total stress score is obtained by summing the scores of the five subscales. The answers are arranged in a Likert manner, with 6 points ranging from strongly disagree to strongly disagree, with scores ranging from 1 to 6. -30-31-32-33-34-35-36-37-43 Do the reverse. The minimum score for this test is 46 and maximum is 276. An increase in the score of this test indicates an increase in the perceived stress of infertility in infertile persons. The validity and reliability of the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire in Iran has been assessed by Alizadeh (2005). In this study only the sexual dimension results are mentioned. Due to the long duration of the intervention (approximately 3 months) and the probability of the research units being linked to the control and intervention groups to prevent dissemination of information between the research units, the executive task was divided into two parts, the first phase was assigned to the control group and the researcher contacted by telephone. Individuals were required to complete a pre-test with the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire at each clinic or physician's office, and the questionnaire was completed again two weeks later.
Experimental group consisted of 10 group counseling sessions with one week interval including: infertility counseling session on infertility, treatment and correction of false beliefs and presentation of necessary strategies group counseling session on stress control, problem solving skills and control of infertility irrational thoughts, sexual health . Two weeks after the intervention, the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire was again completed for the intervention group and the data were analyzed by SPSS software using version 22 software.
Results: Before the intervention, the mean scores of adoption without children in the intervention group (37.24 ± 6.63) and in the control group (34.35 ± 5.28) were not statistically significant. But after intervention, the mean scores of intervention group (30.05 ± 8.38) and control group (36.39 ± 4.78), respectively. Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups after intervention. (p=0/0003).
Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of stress-free lifestyle before and after the intervention and the intervention resulted in a decrease in stress-free lifestyle acceptance in the study unit.
Methods: This study was licensed under Umsu.rec.1393.185 dated 20/8/1393 from the Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences and was registered under clinical trial database IRCT2014112220045N1.
In this study, 50 infertile women aged 20-45 years with at least one year infertility referring to Kosar infertility clinic of Urmia city were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two control groups and intervention Inclusion criteria were:
Be Iranian.
Reside in Urmia.
Be 20-45 years old.
Be literate.
Her husband has no other spouse.
Don't have adopted children.
Not currently suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and not using nerve medications.
Not be part of health or treatment personnel or graduates of medical sciences, psychology or counseling.
In the past six months, she has not had a stressful (deaths of first-degree relatives, accident, bankruptcy, severe illness or illness).
Not suffering from medical conditions (heart, lung, diabetes, hypothyroidism, epilepsy).
The tool of the study was the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire, which included a 46-item multidimensional questionnaire developed by Christopher Nutten in 1999 at the Canadian Health Sciences Center and used to measure specific infertility stress in infertile individuals. The questionnaire was administered in five subscales including 10 questions of social stress, 8 questions of sexual stress, 10 questions of communication stress, 10 questions of parenting, and 8 questions of acceptance of a childless life. The total stress score is obtained by summing the scores of the five subscales. The answers are arranged in a Likert manner, with 6 points ranging from strongly disagree to strongly disagree, with scores ranging from 1 to 6. -30-31-32-33-34-35-36-37-43 Do the reverse. The minimum score for this test is 46 and maximum is 276. An increase in the score of this test indicates an increase in the perceived stress of infertility in infertile persons. The validity and reliability of the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire in Iran has been assessed by Alizadeh (2005). In this study only the sexual dimension results are mentioned. Due to the long duration of the intervention (approximately 3 months) and the probability of the research units being linked to the control and intervention groups to prevent dissemination of information between the research units, the executive task was divided into two parts, the first phase was assigned to the control group and the researcher contacted by telephone. Individuals were required to complete a pre-test with the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire at each clinic or physician's office, and the questionnaire was completed again two weeks later.
Experimental group consisted of 10 group counseling sessions with one week interval including: infertility counseling session on infertility, treatment and correction of false beliefs and presentation of necessary strategies group counseling session on stress control, problem solving skills and control of infertility irrational thoughts, sexual health . Two weeks after the intervention, the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire was again completed for the intervention group and the data were analyzed by SPSS software using version 22 software.
Results: Before the intervention, the mean scores of adoption without children in the intervention group (37.24 ± 6.63) and in the control group (34.35 ± 5.28) were not statistically significant. But after intervention, the mean scores of intervention group (30.05 ± 8.38) and control group (36.39 ± 4.78), respectively. Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups after intervention. (p=0/0003).
Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of stress-free lifestyle before and after the intervention and the intervention resulted in a decrease in stress-free lifestyle acceptance in the study unit.
Zara Ordoniavval , Soheila Rabiei Poor, Atefeh Yas,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (4-2020)
Volume 17, Issue 0 (4-2020)
Abstract
Background: For many people infertility is a major crisis and cause of psychological stress that can affect emotional stress and many negative psychological reactions including depression, anxiety, worry, anger, shame, jealousy, loneliness, despair and despair, self-esteem. Emotional imbalance, feelings of sexual inadequacy, sexual dysfunction and decreased sexual satisfaction. The relationship between stress and infertility is usually "bilateral and exacerbates each other. Infertility couples who consider themselves to be infertile blame themselves and this situation increases mental stress and thus aggravates the problem, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of collaborative counseling on sexual stress in infertile women.
Methods: This study was licensed under Umsu.rec.1393.185 dated 20/8/1393 from the Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences and was registered under clinical trial database IRCT2014112220045N1.
In this study, 50 infertile women aged 20-45 years with at least one year infertility referring to Kosar infertility clinic of Urmia city were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two control groups and intervention Inclusion criteria were:
Be Iranian.
Reside in Urmia.
Be 20-45 years old.
Be literate.
Her husband has no other spouse.
Don't have adopted children.
Not currently suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and not using nerve medications.
Not be part of health or treatment personnel or graduates of medical sciences, psychology or counseling.
In the past six months, she has not had a stressful (deaths of first-degree relatives, accident, bankruptcy, severe illness or illness).
Not suffering from medical conditions (heart, lung, diabetes, hypothyroidism, epilepsy).
The tool of the study was the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire, which included a 46-item multidimensional questionnaire developed by Christopher Nutten in 1999 at the Canadian Health Sciences Center and used to measure specific infertility stress in infertile individuals. The questionnaire was administered in five subscales including 10 questions of social stress, 8 questions of sexual stress, 10 questions of communication stress, 10 questions of parenting, and 8 questions of acceptance of a childless life. The total stress score is obtained by summing the scores of the five subscales. The answers are arranged in a Likert manner, with 6 points ranging from strongly disagree to strongly disagree, with scores ranging from 1 to 6. -30-31-32-33-34-35-36-37-43 Do the reverse. The minimum score for this test is 46 and maximum is 276. An increase in the score of this test indicates an increase in the perceived stress of infertility in infertile persons. The validity and reliability of the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire in Iran has been assessed by Alizadeh (2005). In this study only the sexual dimension results are mentioned. Due to the long duration of the intervention (approximately 3 months) and the probability of the research units being linked to the control and intervention groups to prevent dissemination of information between the research units, the executive task was divided into two parts, the first phase was assigned to the control group and the researcher contacted by telephone. Individuals were required to complete a pre-test with the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire at each clinic or physician's office, and the questionnaire was completed again two weeks later.
Experimental group consisted of 10 group counseling sessions with one week interval including: infertility counseling session on infertility, treatment and correction of false beliefs and presentation of necessary strategies group counseling session on stress control, problem solving skills and control of infertility irrational thoughts, sexual health . Two weeks after the intervention, the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire was again completed for the intervention group and the data were analyzed by SPSS software using version 22 software.
Results: Before the intervention, the mean scores of sexual stress dimension in the intervention group (26.52 ± 8.29) and in the control group (23.87 ± 8.08) were not statistically significant. But after intervention the mean scores of intervention group (20.67 ± 6.20) and control group were (78.7 ± 7.45). Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups after intervention. (P = 0.01).
Conclusions: According to the results of the study, counseling-based intervention has been effective in improving sexual stress in infertile women.
Methods: This study was licensed under Umsu.rec.1393.185 dated 20/8/1393 from the Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences and was registered under clinical trial database IRCT2014112220045N1.
In this study, 50 infertile women aged 20-45 years with at least one year infertility referring to Kosar infertility clinic of Urmia city were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two control groups and intervention Inclusion criteria were:
Be Iranian.
Reside in Urmia.
Be 20-45 years old.
Be literate.
Her husband has no other spouse.
Don't have adopted children.
Not currently suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and not using nerve medications.
Not be part of health or treatment personnel or graduates of medical sciences, psychology or counseling.
In the past six months, she has not had a stressful (deaths of first-degree relatives, accident, bankruptcy, severe illness or illness).
Not suffering from medical conditions (heart, lung, diabetes, hypothyroidism, epilepsy).
The tool of the study was the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire, which included a 46-item multidimensional questionnaire developed by Christopher Nutten in 1999 at the Canadian Health Sciences Center and used to measure specific infertility stress in infertile individuals. The questionnaire was administered in five subscales including 10 questions of social stress, 8 questions of sexual stress, 10 questions of communication stress, 10 questions of parenting, and 8 questions of acceptance of a childless life. The total stress score is obtained by summing the scores of the five subscales. The answers are arranged in a Likert manner, with 6 points ranging from strongly disagree to strongly disagree, with scores ranging from 1 to 6. -30-31-32-33-34-35-36-37-43 Do the reverse. The minimum score for this test is 46 and maximum is 276. An increase in the score of this test indicates an increase in the perceived stress of infertility in infertile persons. The validity and reliability of the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire in Iran has been assessed by Alizadeh (2005). In this study only the sexual dimension results are mentioned. Due to the long duration of the intervention (approximately 3 months) and the probability of the research units being linked to the control and intervention groups to prevent dissemination of information between the research units, the executive task was divided into two parts, the first phase was assigned to the control group and the researcher contacted by telephone. Individuals were required to complete a pre-test with the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire at each clinic or physician's office, and the questionnaire was completed again two weeks later.
Experimental group consisted of 10 group counseling sessions with one week interval including: infertility counseling session on infertility, treatment and correction of false beliefs and presentation of necessary strategies group counseling session on stress control, problem solving skills and control of infertility irrational thoughts, sexual health . Two weeks after the intervention, the Newton Infertility Stress Questionnaire was again completed for the intervention group and the data were analyzed by SPSS software using version 22 software.
Results: Before the intervention, the mean scores of sexual stress dimension in the intervention group (26.52 ± 8.29) and in the control group (23.87 ± 8.08) were not statistically significant. But after intervention the mean scores of intervention group (20.67 ± 6.20) and control group were (78.7 ± 7.45). Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups after intervention. (P = 0.01).
Conclusions: According to the results of the study, counseling-based intervention has been effective in improving sexual stress in infertile women.
Masoumeh Dehghan, Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, Hassan Heidari, Nazila Najdi,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (4-2024)
Volume 21, Issue 1 (4-2024)
Abstract
Background: Infertility can lead to depression, anxiety, a loss of hope, and a sense of meaninglessness in the lives of affected women. Implementing spiritual/religious interventions may help alleviate the psychological and social stress experienced by infertile women. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of spiritually integrated psychotherapy (SIP) in enhancing hope and daily spiritual experiences in infertile women.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pre-posttest design with a control group. The study population consisted of all infertile women who had visited the Omid Royan Fertility Center in Arak (Iran) in 2022. A sample of 40 infertile women undergoing infertility treatment was selected through convenience and voluntary sampling. These women were divided into 2 groups, an intervention group and a control group, each consisting of 20 participants, using a randomized block design. Subsequently, participants in the experimental group attended 10 SIP intervention sessions. Data were collected using the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) and the Adult Hope Scale (AHS). The collected data were analyzed using univariate ANCOVA with SPSS v. 16.
Results: The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of hopes (pre-test: 20.02 ± 4.01, post-test: 11.59 ± 2.81; P = 0.02) and daily spiritual experiences (pre-test: 32.81 ± 5.24, post-test: 33.07 ± 5.01; P = 0.01) in the participants of the 2 groups in the post-intervention phase. However, this difference was not significant for hope in the control group (pre-test: 12.02 ± 3.14; post-test: 11.59 ± 2.81; P = 0.52) and the DSES (pre-test: 32.61 ± 4.96, post-test: 33.07 ± 5.01; P = 0.81).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that integrative fertility treatment can effectively blend psychosocial interventions with spiritual/religious treatments. Furthermore, SIP intervention can be considered a complementary, supportive, and ongoing treatment option for infertile couples.
Nouzar Nakhaee, Fahimeh Amiri, Muhammad Samari, Hamid Sharifi, Abedin Iranpour,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Volume 21, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Background: Declining fertility rates pose significant demographic challenges globally, particularly in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, and Iran. Female marriage volunteers, as a group capable of having children, are a key target for pronatalist policies. We aimed to identify the factors influencing fertility intention among Iranian female marriage volunteers.
Methods: We conducted a province-wide cross-sectional survey from January to April 2023. Using a convenience sampling approach and a validated questionnaire (Determinants of Childbearing Intention Questionnaire), we assessed the childbearing intention (i.e., intention to have a child during the next three years) and fertility intention (i.e., ideal number of kids) among 1,506 female marriage volunteers in Kerman, Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and the sealed ballot box method was applied to ensure the confidentiality of the participants’ information. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with childbearing and fertility intentions.
Results: The majority of the female marriage volunteers (83.7%) intended to have two or more children, and 61.8% of them intended to have a child during the next three years. They believed that the most appropriate time to have a child after marriage was 2.2 (±1.8) years. Physical and mental health, with a mean of 4.37 (0.94) out of a possible score range of 0 to 5, was the most important perceived barrier to having children. The participants stated that the most appropriate ages for women and men to marry were 22.1 (3.7) and 26.2 (3.9) years, respectively. The vertical collectivism score was 3.90 (0.85) out of the maximum attainable score of 5. The working or educational situation of premarital women was a barrier against fertility intention (OR=0.82; CI95%= 0.71-0.94, p<0.001) and childbearing intention (OR=0.81; CI95%= 0.73-0.89, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Despite the decline in the total fertility rate, the tendency to have children is still promising in Iranian female marriage volunteers. Their concern about work and education was the main obstacle to their childbearing intention. This finding underlines the need to implement supportive measures for having children, as seen in the law.
Methods: We conducted a province-wide cross-sectional survey from January to April 2023. Using a convenience sampling approach and a validated questionnaire (Determinants of Childbearing Intention Questionnaire), we assessed the childbearing intention (i.e., intention to have a child during the next three years) and fertility intention (i.e., ideal number of kids) among 1,506 female marriage volunteers in Kerman, Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and the sealed ballot box method was applied to ensure the confidentiality of the participants’ information. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with childbearing and fertility intentions.
Results: The majority of the female marriage volunteers (83.7%) intended to have two or more children, and 61.8% of them intended to have a child during the next three years. They believed that the most appropriate time to have a child after marriage was 2.2 (±1.8) years. Physical and mental health, with a mean of 4.37 (0.94) out of a possible score range of 0 to 5, was the most important perceived barrier to having children. The participants stated that the most appropriate ages for women and men to marry were 22.1 (3.7) and 26.2 (3.9) years, respectively. The vertical collectivism score was 3.90 (0.85) out of the maximum attainable score of 5. The working or educational situation of premarital women was a barrier against fertility intention (OR=0.82; CI95%= 0.71-0.94, p<0.001) and childbearing intention (OR=0.81; CI95%= 0.73-0.89, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Despite the decline in the total fertility rate, the tendency to have children is still promising in Iranian female marriage volunteers. Their concern about work and education was the main obstacle to their childbearing intention. This finding underlines the need to implement supportive measures for having children, as seen in the law.
Jialu Li, Yue Zhao , Maoyun Miao , Yaqi Huang , Zhichao Liu , Guiyu Qu , Shixiang Chen ,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (9-2025)
Volume 22, Issue 3 (9-2025)
Abstract
Background: The reproductive willingness of women of childbearing age and its related factors is key to coping with the change in population structure. This study aimed to explore fertility intention and associated factors for having a second child among Chinese nurses.
Methods: A cross-sectional multi-center study was conducted in three hospitals in Shandong, China, from November 2023 to January 2024. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling among female nurses. The survey was conducted face to face, enabling participants to ask questions and clarify difficulties with the questionnaire.
Data were analyzed via IBM SPSS 19.0. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to clarify the determinants of respondents’ fertility intention (yes, no, or not sure), with a p-value less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Overall, 39.2% of participants reported that they would not have a second child under the current birth policy, which accounted for the highest proportion. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that those with higher work-family conflict, higher income, and late pregnancy were more likely to report a negative response toward fertility intention for a second child.
Conclusion: Family economic condition, age of the first child, and overloaded work were found to be significant influencing factors of Chinese nurses’ fertility intention to have a second child. Existing policies in China should continue to be implemented, including policy support and ideological guidance, to ensure that nurses have fewer worries when deciding to give birth to their second child. Limited by the cross-sectional study design, more qualitative studies are needed to explore barriers among populations who do not intend to have a second child.
Methods: A cross-sectional multi-center study was conducted in three hospitals in Shandong, China, from November 2023 to January 2024. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling among female nurses. The survey was conducted face to face, enabling participants to ask questions and clarify difficulties with the questionnaire.
Data were analyzed via IBM SPSS 19.0. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to clarify the determinants of respondents’ fertility intention (yes, no, or not sure), with a p-value less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Overall, 39.2% of participants reported that they would not have a second child under the current birth policy, which accounted for the highest proportion. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that those with higher work-family conflict, higher income, and late pregnancy were more likely to report a negative response toward fertility intention for a second child.
Conclusion: Family economic condition, age of the first child, and overloaded work were found to be significant influencing factors of Chinese nurses’ fertility intention to have a second child. Existing policies in China should continue to be implemented, including policy support and ideological guidance, to ensure that nurses have fewer worries when deciding to give birth to their second child. Limited by the cross-sectional study design, more qualitative studies are needed to explore barriers among populations who do not intend to have a second child.
Sakineh Nazari, Zohreh Abbasi, Mohammad Jalal Abbasi- Shavazi, Abbas Ebadi, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Rezaeean, Zohreh Keshavarz,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Volume 23, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Abstract
Background: Assessing fertility levels is considered one of the most critical indicators in population forecasting and reproductive health research. Therefore, this qualitative study was conducted to explore women’s and experts’ perspectives on childbearing, including the views of healthcare professionals, university faculty members, and sociologists, regarding factors influencing childbearing.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2025 in North Khorasan Province, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and included three groups: women with two or fewer children (n = 35), women with more than two children (n = 16), and experts in the field of childbearing (n = 13). Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews and analyzed using MAXQDA 10 software according to conventional content analysis procedures.
Results: Analysis of the participants’ narratives identified four main themes influencing the decision to have more than two children: “gaining power, passive social acceptance, inefficiency of educational and health approaches, and a specific lifestyle pattern.” In contrast, rethinking the value of children and reconsidering fertility emerged as key factors influencing the decision to have fewer than two children.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that fertility preferences are shaped by a complex interplay of social and personal factors. While empowerment, passive social acceptance, ineffective educational and health strategies, and lifestyle considerations tend to promote larger family sizes, reassessment of the value of children and fertility considerations support smaller family choices. These results highlight the need for tailored reproductive health policies and context-sensitive educational interventions to support informed decision-making and balanced population strategies.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2025 in North Khorasan Province, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and included three groups: women with two or fewer children (n = 35), women with more than two children (n = 16), and experts in the field of childbearing (n = 13). Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews and analyzed using MAXQDA 10 software according to conventional content analysis procedures.
Results: Analysis of the participants’ narratives identified four main themes influencing the decision to have more than two children: “gaining power, passive social acceptance, inefficiency of educational and health approaches, and a specific lifestyle pattern.” In contrast, rethinking the value of children and reconsidering fertility emerged as key factors influencing the decision to have fewer than two children.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that fertility preferences are shaped by a complex interplay of social and personal factors. While empowerment, passive social acceptance, ineffective educational and health strategies, and lifestyle considerations tend to promote larger family sizes, reassessment of the value of children and fertility considerations support smaller family choices. These results highlight the need for tailored reproductive health policies and context-sensitive educational interventions to support informed decision-making and balanced population strategies.
Tayebeh Mokhtari Sorkhani, Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad, Mahshid Bokaie , Manoj Sharma , Farzan Madadizadeh ,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Volume 23, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Abstract
Background: Declining fertility and childbearing are significant public health concerns. The Multi-Theory Model (MTM), which addresses both the initiation and maintenance of behavior, may provide a useful framework for promoting childbearing intentions. However, no validated theory-based instrument currently exists to measure MTM constructs in this context. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a Persian questionnaire based on MTM to assess childbearing intentions among women of reproductive age.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in 2025 with 275 married women recruited from comprehensive health centers in Yazd, Iran. Women with only one child and willing to participate from the selected health centers were included in this study. An initial 37-item researcher-developed instrument based on MTM was refined through expert evaluation (CVR, CVI) and quantitative face validity (Impact score). Construct validity was assessed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability evaluated using via Cronbach’s alpha and test–retest ICC analyzed with SPSS 22 and AMOS21.
Results: During the psychometric validation process, four items were removed. The final questionnaire with 33-items demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.93; construct-level α = 0.71-0.92; test-retest ICC =0.81 (95% CI: 0.68-0.90)) and acceptable construct validity (CFA: CFI =0.932, TLI =0.921, RMSEA = 0.06, χ²/df =1.97). Content validity was strong, with CVR ranging from 0.62-1, S-CVI/Ave =0.929, and overall CVI =0.91. All items also showed acceptable face validity (Impact score >1.5).
Conclusion: The validated MTM-based Persian childbearing intention questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for assessing childbearing intentions among women with only one child. It can guide public health research, educational interventions, and policy planning to support informed reproductive decisions.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in 2025 with 275 married women recruited from comprehensive health centers in Yazd, Iran. Women with only one child and willing to participate from the selected health centers were included in this study. An initial 37-item researcher-developed instrument based on MTM was refined through expert evaluation (CVR, CVI) and quantitative face validity (Impact score). Construct validity was assessed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability evaluated using via Cronbach’s alpha and test–retest ICC analyzed with SPSS 22 and AMOS21.
Results: During the psychometric validation process, four items were removed. The final questionnaire with 33-items demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.93; construct-level α = 0.71-0.92; test-retest ICC =0.81 (95% CI: 0.68-0.90)) and acceptable construct validity (CFA: CFI =0.932, TLI =0.921, RMSEA = 0.06, χ²/df =1.97). Content validity was strong, with CVR ranging from 0.62-1, S-CVI/Ave =0.929, and overall CVI =0.91. All items also showed acceptable face validity (Impact score >1.5).
Conclusion: The validated MTM-based Persian childbearing intention questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for assessing childbearing intentions among women with only one child. It can guide public health research, educational interventions, and policy planning to support informed reproductive decisions.
| Page 1 from 1 |
© 2026 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Journal of Research Development in Nursing and Midwifery
Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb